Which programming construct allows the program to perform different actions based on varying conditions?

The programming construct that allows a program to perform different actions based on varying conditions is known as a conditional statement. Conditional statements enable programs to evaluate conditions and execute specific code blocks depending on whether the conditions are true or false. This concept is fundamental in programming because it allows for decision-making, meaning that the flow of the program can change dynamically based on inputs or states. By using constructs like "if," "else if," and "else," programmers can create complex logic that adapts to changing scenarios, making their applications more flexible and responsive.

Iteration involves repeating a set of instructions until a particular condition is met, which does not inherently depend on varying conditions to direct different paths of execution. Sequential processing refers to executing statements in a linear progression, one after the other, without any alteration in flow based on conditions. Variable assignment involves storing values in variables but does not affect the control flow of the program based on conditions. Therefore, the ability to branch into different operations based on conditions distinctly defines the role of conditional statements in programming.