What does "binary" refer to in computer science?

In computer science, "binary" refers specifically to a base-2 numeral system that utilizes only two symbols: 0 and 1. This system is fundamental to computing and digital electronics because it aligns perfectly with the binary states of transistors, which can be either off (0) or on (1).

Using only these two digits, binary allows for complex data representation and processing, forming the basis for all computing operations. For example, all types of data—whether they are numbers, characters, or images—are ultimately converted into binary in computer systems so that they can be processed and stored efficiently.

Understanding the significance of the binary system is crucial for grasping how computers encode and manipulate information at the most fundamental level. Each combination of 0s and 1s corresponds to different values, permissions, or commands in a way that makes it essential for programmers and computer scientists.